Link Acquistion in directional wireless systems

ABSTRACT

A procedure to establish a link in a directional wireless system where two nodes cannot listen to each other unless optimized beamforming pair is used and timing and framing synchronization is acquired. The procedure determines a set of beamforming pairs that the nodes can use for communication in addition to acquiring the framing and timing synchronization. Training packets are periodically transmitted by a transmitter while a receiver listens in each of a number of receive directions. Training packets are sent N times in N directions while a receiver listens in each of M receive directions until all N×M possible transmit and receive direction pair possibilities are tried. The receiver informs the transmitter which transmit and receive direction pairs were successful in creating communication links between the nodes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed technology relates to wireless communication networks andin particular to methods of acquiring link synchronization between nodesin wireless communication networks.

BACKGROUND

Wireless networks are becoming increasingly used for the delivery ofinternet protocol (IP) data to users as well for other tasks such astransmitting data to display devices (TVs, airport or other monitorsetc.), wireless switching of data packets in data centers, handlingcommunication traffic as an alternative to landline or cellular systems(e.g. Voice over IP), for data transmission between vehicles and forother uses.

In high throughput wireless communication systems, nodes need to besynchronized to achieve high data transmission and reception rates. Inmany networks, however, nodes may join and drop from a network at randomtimes. Therefore, the nodes need to reacquire the systemsynchronization. In the past, nodes were required to have a prioriinformation about how the system transmits training signals before anode could become synchronized. As will be explained in detail below,the present disclosure relates to improvements in the way nodes canbecome synchronized to wireless networks even if such information islacking.

SUMMARY

The disclosed technology relates to systems and methods for acquiringlink synchronization and determining possible transmit and receivebeamforming directions between nodes in a wireless communicationnetwork. In one embodiment, destination nodes and client nodes areconfigured to transmit and receive radio frequency signals in a numberof possible spatial directions. In some embodiments, nodes in thewireless communication network transmit in a predetermined time slot, ona predetermined frequency or with an assigned code to avoid interferingwith transmissions from other nodes. When a node attempts to join anetwork, the node lacks information about which beamforming directionscreate a communication path with a node that will providesynchronization information. In addition, the node may also lackinformation about the frame structure and periodicity of thetransmissions that provide the synchronization information. To join thenetwork, the nodes are programmed to asynchronously detect a trainingpacket and decode it. In the asynchronous mode, a transmitting node(e.g. an initiator) periodically begins transmitting training packets ina number of different transmit (TX) beamforming directions. A receivingnode (e.g. a responder) attempting to join the network begins listeningfor a training packet in each of a number of different receive (RX)beamforming directions. In some embodiments, upon detection of atraining packet, the packet is analyzed by the responder forsynchronization information and information about one or more of thetraining packet frame structure and frame periodicity. Once the nodesare synchronized, the responder is programmed to listen for trainingpackets in a synchronous mode to determine combinations of transmit andreceive beamforming directions (TX/RX beamforming direction pairs) thatcan be used to transmit information between the nodes.

In the synchronous mode, the initiator node transmits a training packetN times in a single direction. A receiving node (e.g., the responder)attempts to receive the training packet in each of its M possiblereceiving directions. Once a training packet has been detected, theresponder transmits a feedback signal back to the initiator confirmingthat the responder has detected a training packet. The one or moretransmit and receive beamforming directions on which a communicationlink was successfully created are recorded as a micro-route for use incommunicating between the nodes in the network.

In some embodiments, reciprocity is exploited in establishing a reversecommunication link. The transmit beam used in the forward link is usedas the receive beam in the reverse link. Similarly, the receive beamdirection used in the forward link is used as the transmit beamdirection in the reverse link.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless communication network in accordance withsome disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates how training packets are periodically transmittedfrom a transmitting node while a receiving node is attempting toasynchronously detect a training packet in each of a number of receivebeamforming directions in accordance with some disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 3A illustrates a length of a training packet and a receive windowfor use in an asynchronous mode of communication between a transmittingnode and a receiving node in accordance with some disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 3B illustrates a training packet transmitted in an asynchronoustraining mode in accordance with some disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 4 shows a series of communications between a transmitting node(initiator) and a receiving node (responder) in order to synchronouslytest combinations of transmit and receive beamforming directions inaccordance with some disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 5 shows a series of communications between a transmitting node(initiator) and a receiving node (responder) in order to synchronouslytest N×M combinations of transmit and receive beamforming directions inaccordance with some alternate disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 6 shows a series of communications between a transmitting node(initiator) and a receiving node (responder) in order to synchronouslytest N×M combinations of transmit and receive beamforming directions inaccordance with some alternate disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of steps performed by transmitting andreceiving nodes in a wireless communication network in accordance withsome disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8 is a state diagram of actions performed by an initiator node inaccordance with a disclosed embodiment; and

FIG. 9 is a state diagram of actions performed by a receiving node inaccordance with a disclosed embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a point-to-point, point-to-multi-point ormulti-point to multi-point wireless communication network. The network100 includes a number of destination nodes (DN) 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102d, etc. and a number of client nodes (CN) 104 a, 104 b, etc. Thedestination nodes transmit IP or other data packets between themselvesand to the client nodes. The client nodes transmit and receive data suchas IP packets between themselves and the destination nodes as well as toa number of end users 106 (wireless-enabled devices such as computers,tablets, smart phones, household appliances, or any other device capableof transmitting and receiving wireless data). The destination nodes 102are mounted on utility poles or on buildings and can transmit wirelesssignals approximately 200-300 meters, depending on conditions. Theclient nodes 104 are generally located in retail/office establishmentsor in homes in order to transmit and receive wireless data to and fromthe end users 106. In one embodiment, the wireless data are IP packetsthat are sent according to a standardized protocol such as IEEE802.11ad. However, it will be appreciated that any number of otherprotocols could be used that include both standards-based andnon-standards-based protocols.

In the communication network 100, at least one destination node (e.g.,node 102 a) is coupled to a physical cable that carries data to and froma computer communication link 108 (e.g., the Internet or a privatecommunication link). Data packets that are destined for an end user 106are received from the communication link and transmitted via one or moreroutes to the client node 104 b, which is in communication with the enduser 106. For example, packets may be sent via a first route via nodesDN₁->DN₃->CN₁ or via a second route including nodes DN₁->DN₂->CN₁,depending on the radio frequency path conditions that may exist at anytime.

In order to establish a communication link between each of the nodes aswell as to minimize interference between nodes, and to increase thethroughput of the network, the destination and client nodes generallyinclude multiple antennas that can be used to direct the transmit andreceive directions of the node by beamforming. As will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art of radio frequency communications, the nodesinclude a transceiver and an antenna array that includes multipleantennas that can be used to direct the transmit and receive directionsof the node by beamforming. A processor in the node executesinstructions that direct a beamformer in the node to selectively weightand delay transmitted signals in order to direct the main lobe (i.e.,the bulk of the transmitted signal power) in a desired direction.Similarly, signals received by the antennas can be delayed and summedusing beamforming techniques to change the effective listening directionof the receiver. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, destination node DN1102 a can beamform its transmitted and received signals in a number ofdifferent directions 103 a, 103 b, 103 c. Similarly, destination nodeDN₃ 102 c can beamform its transmitted and received signals indirections 103 d and 103 e. The best communication path betweendestination nodes DN₁ and DN₃ is determined by selecting the besttransmit and receive beamforming directions for each node in order tocomplete the communication link. The transmit and receive beamformingdirection pairs between two nodes in which a communication link can becompleted are referred to herein as “micro-routes.”

In one embodiment, transmissions in the wireless network are carried ona nonregulated 60 GHz radio frequency spectrum band. At thesefrequencies, the ability to transmit and receive wireless data isinfluenced by changing atmospheric conditions (wind, rain, etc.) or byinterfering objects (e.g., buses, tree limbs, or other objects passingin and out of the line of sight). The best communication path betweennodes may not always be when the transmit and receive beamformingdirections are aligned along the line of sight. Therefore, the bestmicro-route to complete a communication link between a transmitter and areceiver node in the network may change over time as local propagationconditions vary.

In the embodiment shown, a cloud controller computer 110 includes adatabase 112 that stores a list of possible routes and micro-routes thathave been determined to work between the various nodes of the network.The cloud computer 110 can communicate with each of the nodes by sendingpackets that are addressed to the nodes in order to control the overalloperation of the network. Such communications can include routing tablesthat inform the nodes how packets should be sent through the network toreach any particular node in the network. For example, destination nodeDN₁ may have an entry in its routing table for client node CN₂ that saysa packet to that node should be routed through destination node DN₄ andnot through destination node DN₃. In one embodiment, the nodes alsostore records of the best micro-routes (TX and RX beamformingdirections) that can be used to communicate between nodes.

As will be described in detail, the disclosed embodiments are directedto improved methods of acquiring and maintaining synchronization betweennodes in a wireless communication network. In a wireless communicationsystem of the type shown in FIG. 1, there is no universal time base thatis transmitted to each node. Each node includes an internal clock thatis subject to drift over time. If a node loses communication withanother node in the system or is newly added to the network, it islikely that the clock that tells the node when to transmit and receivewill be out of synch with the clocks of the other nodes in the network.

In addition, because beamforming is generally required to establish anycommunication link between the nodes, a node joining or re-joining thenetwork will likely not know which RX beamforming directions should beused to receive data from another node. Typically, only a fewcombinations of TX and RX beamforming directions will work and a nodecannot look in every possible angular direction due to RF chiplimitations. Finally, the node joining the network may not know anythingabout the frame size, the periodicity of the data transmissions from theother nodes or the codebook being used by the nodes in the network.

The disclosed embodiments allow a node in a wireless communicationnetwork to acquire network synchronization without knowing one or moreof the optimal TX/RX beamforming directions, the frame structure orframe periodicity. As will be explained in further detail below,assuming that the transmitting node can beamform in N possible transmitdirections and the receiving node can beamform in M possible receivedirections, the disclosed technology allows a determination of which ofthe N×M possible transmit and receive beamforming directionpossibilities are useful to communicate between a transmitting node anda receiving node.

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a training sequence used in a wirelesscommunication network in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosedtechnology. For purposes of illustration, it is assumed that each nodein the network is capable of beamforming in seven possibletransmit/receive directions. However, it will be appreciated that thisis for illustration purposes only and that the actual network willtypically employ greater numbers of beamforming directions.

When a node joins the network, it first begins listening in each of itspossible receive beamforming directions for a training packet that issent by a transmitting node in the network. In the example shown in FIG.2, a transmitting node periodically sends training packets in aparticular beamforming direction. In the example shown, transmit andreceive directions are shown as different shadings. The transmittersends training packets in a “blue” direction eight times (BL₁, BL₂, BL₃. . . BL₈), followed by the transmission of training packets in a“green” direction for eight times (Gr₁, Gr₂ . . . ), and so forth untilit has sent training packets in each of its transmit directions.

The unsynchronized receiving node joining the network begins to try anddetect a training packet during a receive window that differs in sizefrom the transmit window in which the training packets are transmitted.Therefore, the rate at which the receiver cycles through its possiblereceive directions differs from the rate at which the transmitter sendsits training packets in a single direction. Because the transmitter andthe receiver are not in sync, the receive beamforming direction used bythe receiving node at the time of each transmission of the trainingpacket will vary. In FIG. 2, it can be seen that a green receivedirection Gr₁ is in use just after the second transmission in the bluedirection BL₂. The next time the green receive direction is used (Gr₂),it is between transmissions in the TX blue direction.

This training packet sequence is repeated at periodic intervals, such asonce every hour or some other regular time interval, so that a nodejoining the network does not have to wait too long before it will likelydetect a training packet.

In one embodiment, the training packets are sent in a time period thatis less than the window of time during which the receiver is listeningin any particular direction. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3A, atraining packet 300 a and a training packet 300 b each have a durationthat is less than one TDD time slot. The training packets are sent twicein succession. Receive windows 304, 306 each have a duration of 2 TDDtime slots. This ensures that at least one of the two transmittedtraining packets will be captured during a receive window regardless ofthe relative timing of the receive and transmit TDD time slots.

As shown in FIG. 3B, a training packet 312 includes a known trainingfield 314 (e.g. short training field) that allows a receiver to captureand decode the remainder of the training packet. In addition, thetraining packet includes a synchronization code 316 (which may be aseparate code or included in the training field 314) that allows thereceiver to synchronize itself with the transmitting node in thenetwork. Each training packet may also include one or more other typesof information such as a code 318 that indicates the frame length orstructure of the training packet and a code 320 indicating theperiodicity or how often the training packets will be re-transmitted. Insome embodiments, the training packet 312 includes a code 322 thatindicates when the receiving packet should respond if it detects atraining packet. Other types of information 324 that can be included inthe training packet include an indication of the particular Tx beam onwhich the training packet is sent, the index of a double packet, a Golayindex (type of error correcting code), an indication of a codebook usedby the transmitter and frequency information if the response frequencyis different than the transmit frequency.

In one embodiment, a portion 326 of a transmitted training packet 312 isreserved for the transmitter to listen for a response. Once a trainingpacket has been detected on a particular combination of transmit andreceive beamforming directions, the receiving node joining the networkanalyzes the packet to recover the synchronization information andsynchronize itself to the network. In addition, in some embodiments, thereceiving node analyzes the training packet as it is being received todetermine the packet structure and periodicity of the training packets.With this information, the receiver synchronizes itself to thetransmitting node and can send a signal acknowledging the receipt of thetraining packet back to the transmitter. Upon receipt of the acknowledgesignal, the transmitting node can start transmitting in a synchronousmode, as will be explained below. Other embodiments are also possible,such as allowing time for a receiving node to transmit an acknowledgmentafter all the training packets have been sent in a particular direction.

In some embodiments, a synchronous communication process is then begunin which each of the N×M possible transmit and receive beamformingdirection possibilities is tested to determine which ones are useful inestablishing a communication link between the nodes. The transmitter andreceiver may use the same codebook that defines the beamformingdirection possibilities. In another embodiment, the codebooks used bythe transmitter and the receiver may be different. In one embodiment,the codebooks used by the transmitter and receiver for the asynchronousdetection of a training packet are different than those used during thesynchronous detection of training packets. One codebook may be a subsetof the other.

In one embodiment, a transmitter transmits training packets N times ineach of its N transmit directions. Because signals are being sentbetween the transmitter and the receiver, the node that is transmittingthe training packets can be called the “initiator,” and the node that isattempting to receive the training packets can be called the“responder.”

FIG. 4 illustrates one implementation of a method for determining thepreferred beamforming directions in accordance with an embodiment of thedisclosed technology. An initiator transmits training packets to aresponder in direction TX₁ N times, followed by transmitting trainingpackets in direction TX₂ N times and so forth until training packetshave been transmitted N times in each of the N beamforming directions.

The responder, which is now synchronized to the initiator, listens forthe training packets that are sent in beamforming direction TX₁ usingeach of its receive beamforming directions. For example, the responderfirst listens in receive direction RX₁ when the initiator transmits atraining packet in direction TX₁. The responder then listens indirection RX₂ when the initiator transmits a second training packet indirection TX1, followed by listening in direction RX₃ and so forth untilthe initiator transmits N training packets in a particular direction.The number of beamforming directions at the initiator and at theresponder may the same or may be different.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, there is a period of time after thetransmitter has finished transmitting the training packets in aparticular direction for the responder to send feedback to theinitiator. The feedback is sent in the receive beamforming directionthat gave the best reception. The feedback tells the initiator whichones of the N possible receive beamforming directions can be used todetect the training packets. The feedback may also include some linkmeasurements (signal strength, interference, etc.) that can be used todetermine the quality of the link with a particular TX/RX beamformingdirection pair. If the feedback signal is received, then the initiatorsends back a feedback acknowledge signal that lets the responder knowwhich of the TX/RX beamforming pairs will be used as possiblemicro-routes between the nodes and an order to try the pairs in casecommunication between the nodes is lost. If no feedback signal isreceived by the initiator, then the initiator assumes the respondercannot hear it in that particular TX beamforming direction and the nextTX beamforming direction is tried.

FIG. 5 shows a similar scheme except that a portion of time after eachTX training packet is sent is reserved for the responder to transmit afeedback signal. For example, the initiator transmits in a firstdirection for a first time and the responder listens in its firstreceive direction. A portion of time is reserved after this transmissionfor the responder to transmit feedback if it has detected the trainingpacket. After the initiator has completed sending the training packetsin a particular direction and before a training packet is sent in thenext transmit direction, time is reserved for the initiator to send afeedback acknowledge signal that informs the responder which, if any, ofthe TX/RX beamforming pairs will be used as a micro-route between them.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the transmit and receive windows forthe initiator and responder are each divided into a transmit portion anda receive portion (that may or may not be of equal length). For example,an initiator transmits its training packet to a responder during thefirst portion of the window and then listens for a packet back from theresponder during a second portion of the window. Conversely, theresponder receives transmissions during the first portion of the windowwhen the initiator is transmitting and transmits during the secondportion of the window when the initiator is listening.

Because the transmit and receive beamforming directions are continuallychanging, any transmission containing feedback from the responder backto the initiator takes place on a transmit/receive beamforming directionpair on which a communication link was previously completed. Therefore,in the embodiment shown, the initiator listens in a direction of aprevious transmit direction during the second portion of the transmitwindow. The example in FIG. 6 illustrates how this works.

For purposes of illustration, the designation RX1 on the initiator sidemeans the initiator is listening in the same direction as the TX1transmit direction. Similarly, on the responder side, the designationTX2 means the responder transmits in the same direction as the receivedirection RX2, etc.

In the example shown, the initiator first transmits in direction TX1,and the responder listens in direction RX1 and does not hear thetraining packet. The initiator then transmits a second training packetin direction TX1, and the responder listens in direction RX2 and doesdetect the training packet with instructions as to when it shouldrespond. Because the beamforming directions are always changing eachtime a training packet is transmitted and because a feedback signal istransmitted using a transmit/receive beamforming direction pair that cancomplete the communication link between the nodes, the initiator listensin a previous transmit direction during the second portion of thetransmit window.

In the example shown, a communication path that connected the initiatorto the responder is transmit direction TX1 and receive direction RX2.Therefore, during the second portion of the window when the responder isnext listening in direction RX2, it transmits its acknowledge signalback to the transmitter in that same direction. By this time, theinitiator is transmitting in direction TX2 but is listening in thedirection of the previous transmission, e.g., RX1. Therefore, thefeedback signal is transmitted using the beamforming pair TX1-RX2(viewed from the initiator side) or TX2-RX1 (viewed from the responderside). The feedback signal received at the initiator informs theinitiator that the training packet was detected when the initiator wastransmitting in direction TX1 and the receiver was listening indirection RX2. This information is stored in both the initiator node andthe responder node as a possible path on which the two nodes cancommunicate.

Processing proceeds in this manner until each of the N×M possibilitiesof transmit/receive beamforming directions have been tested. Each timethe responder can detect a training packet, it sends feedback to theinitiator to inform the initiator of another transmit/receivebeamforming direction pair on which communication can take place.

In some embodiments, the initiator transmits an acknowledge signal backto the responder confirming the transmit/receive beam pairs that can beused as micro-routes. This can be done after transmission of thetraining packets has been completed in a particular direction or onceall N×M training packets have been transmitted.

It should be noted that the responder does not have to synchronize theorder of its receive beamforming directions with any particular order inwhich the initiator changes its transmit beamforming directions. Theresponder can test its receive directions in a modulo fashion (6, 7, 1,2, 3, etc.) where the receive direction rolls back to the firstdirection after the last direction has been tested.

In one embodiment, the number of receive beamforming directions M isselected to be a prime number, e.g., 7, 17, 29, 31, 43, etc. Primenumbers of receive beamforming directions are preferred because there isa greatly reduced (theoretically zero) likelihood that duplicate pairsof transmit/receive beamforming directions will be tested between theinitiator and the responder provided that the total time drift duringthe procedure is less than the size of one training packet. The numberof transmit directions preferably equals the number of receivedirections, but this is not required. For example, a transmitter mayhave eight transmit beamforming directions while a receiving node hasseven receive beamforming directions. The transmitting node or thecontrol computer may select seven of the eight possible transmitdirections to test against the receive beamforming directions based onpropagation conditions or on other criteria.

FIG. 7 shows a sequence of steps performed by nodes in a wirelesscommunication network in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosedtechnology. Although the steps are described in a particular order forease of explanation, it will be appreciated that the steps could beperformed in a different order or that different steps could beperformed in order to achieve the functionality described.

Beginning at 700, a transmitter periodically begins transmitting doubletraining packets in each beam direction. The period betweentransmissions is preferably different than the rate at which thereceiver changes its beamforming receive directions.

At 702, the receiving node that has joined the network beginsasynchronously listening for training packets in each of its beamformingdirections in sequence until at least one training packet is detected.Once a training packet is detected, the receiver sends feedback to thetransmitter and synchronizes itself to the transmitter using thesynchronization information contained in the detected training packet at704.

At 706, the transmitter (initiator) begins transmitting training packetsN times in each of its N transmit directions while the receiver(responder) listens in each of its M receive directions until alldesired (typically all N×M transmit/receive beamforming direction butcould be less) possibilities have been attempted.

At 708, the responder informs the initiator which transmit/receivebeamforming combinations were successful in completing the communicationlink between the transmitter (initiator) and the receiver (responder).As indicated above, the initiator and the responder also may store alist of which TX/RX beamforming pairs should be tried and in which orderin case communications between the nodes is lost. One or more of thetransmit and receive beamforming directions that can complete thecommunication link are used as possible micro-routes between the nodes.

In one embodiment, successful transmit/receive beamforming pairs betweennodes are also transmitted to the cloud controller computer 110 shown inFIG. 1. The cloud computer stores the pairs of directions in thedatabase for use in developing route tables that are transmitted to thevarious nodes in the network.

FIG. 8 is a state diagram showing the operations performed by aresponder node in accordance with some disclosed embodiments. At state802, a client node or destination node is not connected to the network.At state 804, the node attempts to join the wireless network byexecuting an initialization routine that runs upon installation, as partof a reboot protocol or upon detection that the node has lost itsconnection to the network. At state 806, the node (now called aresponder node) begins the process of attempting to asynchronouslydetect a training packet from an initiator node. The responder tries todetect a training packet until either a packet is detected or a time outoccurs. If a time out occurs, the responder proceeds to state 808 whereit sends a feedback message to an installer or to the cloud controllercomputer 110 (e.g. via a cellular or other non-network communicationpath) that the node cannot join the network. Once the responder node hasdetected at least one training packet in the asynchronous mode, theresponder begins listening for training packets in a synchronous mode atstate 810. In some embodiments, the responder node remains in state 810until each combination of transmit and receive beamforming directionshas been tried. The responder node transmits to the initiator mode anindication of one or more receive beamforming directions ortransmit/receive beamforming direction pairs that can be used tocomplete a communication link with the responder node. At state 812, theresponder node operates in listening mode, such as a constant TDDreceive listening mode, for packets in its designated time slot(s). If arequest to communicate is received by the responder node, the respondernode transmits an association response to the initiator node via the oneof the transmit/receive beamforming direction pairs that were determinedto complete a communication link between the nodes at state 814.

FIG. 9 shows a state diagram of the operation of an initiator node insome embodiments of a wireless communication network. At state 902, adestination node is operating in an active state in the network bysending and receiving packets to other nodes as requested. At state 904,the node begins an asynchronous scan mode in response to a received apairing command that is generated from a software or hardware timer inthe node itself or from a remote location such as the cloud controllercomputer 110. As discussed above, the node may be asked to pair withother nodes in the system on a periodic basis such as once per hour,once every ten minutes or at some other interval. In another embodiment,the cloud controller computer 110 instructs the initiator to begin thepairing processes after the cloud controller computer receives anindication that a node wants to join the network.

In the asynchronous scan mode, the initiator node transmits trainingpackets in a number of transmit beamforming directions that can bedetected by a responder node. The initiator node continues to transmitthe training packets in the asynchronous mode until a signal is receivedfrom a responder node that it has detected a training packet or a timeout occurs. If a time out occurs, the initiator node sends a message atstate 906 to a cloud controller computer 110 indicating that noresponder node has detected a training packet within the time periodallowed.

If a training packet was detected by a responder node in theasynchronous mode, the initiator node begins a synchronous mode scan atstate 908 by transmitting training packets in each of a number oftransmit beamforming directions. In some embodiments, the initiatorremains in state 908 until all transmit beamforming directions have betested against all receive beamforming directions. The initiator nodesends a list or ranking of the transmit/receive beamforming directionsto be used in communications between the initiator node and theresponder node. The list/ranking may be determined at the initiator nodeor may be received from the cloud controller computer 110. At state 910,when the initiator node has traffic or messages for the responder node,the initiator node sends an association request to the responder node tocommunicate using one or more of the transmit/receive beamforming pairsthat were determined to complete a communication link between the nodes.

After the best transmit and receive beamforming pairs are determined forthe nodes that communicate in the network, one or more of the TX/RXbeamforming pairs are used to transmit data packets between the nodes.

Embodiments of the subject matter and the operations described in thisspecification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry or incomputer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structuresdisclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or incombinations of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matterdescribed in this specification can be implemented as one or morecomputer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer programinstructions, encoded on a computer storage medium for execution by, orto control the operation of, data processing apparatus.

A computer storage medium can be, or can be included in, acomputer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate,a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination ofone or more of them. Moreover, while a computer storage medium is not apropagated signal, a computer storage medium can be a source ordestination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificiallygenerated propagated signal. The computer storage medium also can be, orcan be included in, one or more separate physical components or media(e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices). The operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented as operationsperformed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or morecomputer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.

The term “processor” encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, andmachines for processing data, including by way of example a programmableprocessor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multiple ones, orcombinations, of the foregoing. The apparatus can include specialpurpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array)or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The apparatus alsocan include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an executionenvironment for the computer program in question, e.g., code thatconstitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database managementsystem, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, avirtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them. The apparatusand execution environment can realize various different computing modelinfrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing, and gridcomputing infrastructures.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages and declarative orprocedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as astand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, orother unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computerprogram may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. Aprogram can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programsor data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup languagedocument), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or inmultiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules,subprograms, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed tobe executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located atone site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by acommunication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform actions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA or an ASIC.

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors and anyone or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory ora random-access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing actions in accordance with instructions andone or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally,a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive datafrom or transfer data to (or both), one or more mass storage devices forstoring data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks.Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and datainclude all forms of nonvolatile memory, media, and memory devices,including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM,EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal harddisks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROMdisks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, orincorporated in, special-purpose logic circuitry.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments ofthe invention have been described herein for purposes of illustrationbut that various modifications may be made without deviating from thescope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited exceptas by the appended claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A wireless network with an initiator node and aresponder node, wherein the initiator node comprises: a transceiver thattransmits and receives packet data on a wireless communicationfrequency; a plurality of antennas with which radio frequency signalsare transmitted and received at the initiator node; a beamformer withwhich a transmit direction and a receive direction can be changed by theinitiator node; and a processor that is configured to executeinstructions that cause the initiator node to identify one or moretransmit and receive beamforming direction pairs between the initiatornode and the responder node in the wireless communication network,wherein each transmit and receive beam forming pair includes a transmitbeamforming direction of the initiator node and a receive beamformingdirection of the responder node, wherein the receive beamformingdirection is set by selectively weighting and delaying receive signalsto direct a main lobe, by: transmitting training packets for a number oftimes in each of a number of transmit beamforming directions, whereinthe training packets are sent at a rate that is different than a rate atwhich the responder node changes its receive beamforming directionsincluding changing a direction of the main lobe; receiving an indicationthat the responder node has detected a training packet and issynchronized to the initiator node; and once the initiator node and theresponder node are synchronized, transmitting training packets from theinitiator node in each of a number of possible transmit beamformingdirections; listening for feedback from the responder node thatindicates that a training packet was received on a particular transmitand receive beamforming direction pair; and using the identifiedtransmit and receive beamforming direction pair to transmit data packetsto the responder node.
 22. The network of claim 21, wherein the trainingpacket includes information indicative of a frame structure used by theinitiator to transmit data.
 23. The network of claim 21, wherein thetraining packet includes information indicative of a periodicity atwhich the initiator transmits training packets.
 24. The network of claim21, wherein the responder node is configured to beamform in M transmitdirections and receive directions, where M is a prime number.
 25. Thenetwork of claim 21, wherein before the initiator node and the respondernode are synchronized, the responder node listens for a training packetin a receive window having a duration that is greater than a duration ofa window in which the initiator node transmits the training packets. 26.The network of claim 21, wherein before the responder node and theinitiator node are synchronized, training packets are sent twice in atime period that is less than a receive window of the responder node.47. A node for use in a wireless communication network, wherein the nodecomprises: a transceiver that transmits and receives packet data on awireless communication frequency; a plurality of antennas with whichradio frequency signals are transmitted and received at the node; abeamformer with which a transmit and receive direction can be changed bythe node; and a processor that is configured to execute instructionsthat cause the node to identify one or more transmit and receivebeamforming direction pairs between the node and a responder node in thewireless communication network, wherein each transmit and receive beamforming pair includes a transmit beamforming direction of the initiatornode and a receive beamforming direction of the responder node, whereinthe receive beamforming direction is set by selectively weighting anddelaying receive signals to direct a main lobe, by: transmittingtraining packets for a number of times in each of a number of transmitbeamforming directions, wherein the training packets are sent at a ratethat is different than a rate at which the responder node changes itsreceive beamforming directions including changing a direction of themain lobe; receiving an indication that the responder node has detecteda training packet and is synchronized to the node; and once the node andthe responder node are synchronized, transmitting training packets fromthe node in each of a number of possible transmit beamformingdirections; listening for feedback from the responder node thatindicates that a training packet was received on a particular transmitand receive beamforming direction pair; and using the identifiedtransmit and receive beamforming direction pair to transmit data packetsto the responder node.
 48. The node of claim 47, wherein the trainingpacket includes information indicative of a frame structure used by theinitiator to transmit data.
 49. The node of claim 47, wherein thetraining packet includes information indicative of a periodicity atwhich the initiator transmits training packets.
 50. The node of claim47, wherein the responder node is configured to beamform in M transmitdirections and receive directions, where M is a prime number.
 51. Thenode of claim 47, wherein before the initiator node and the respondernode are synchronized, the responder node listens for a training packetin a receive window having a duration that is greater than a duration ofa window in which the initiator node transmits the training packets. 52.The node of claim 47, wherein before the responder node and theinitiator node are synchronized, training packets are sent twice in atime period that is less than a receive window of the responder node.53. A method, comprising: identifying one or more transmit and receivebeamforming direction pairs between an initiator node and a respondernode in a wireless communication network, wherein each transmit andreceive beam forming pair includes a transmit beamforming direction ofthe initiator node and a receive beamforming direction of the respondernode, wherein the receive beamforming direction is set by selectivelyweighting and delaying receive signals to direct a main lobe;comprising: transmitting training packets for a number of times in eachof a number of transmit beamforming directions, wherein the trainingpackets are sent at a rate that is different than a rate at which theresponder node changes its receive beamforming directions includingchanging a direction of the main lobe; receiving an indication that theresponder node has detected a training packet and is synchronized to theinitiator node; and once the initiator node and the responder node aresynchronized, transmitting training packets from the initiator node ineach of a number of possible transmit beamforming directions; listeningfor feedback from the responder node that indicates that a trainingpacket was received on a particular transmit and receive beamformingdirection pair; and using the identified transmit and receivebeamforming direction pair to transmit data packets to the respondernode.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the training packet includesinformation indicative of a frame structure used by the initiator totransmit data.
 55. The method of claim 53, wherein the training packetincludes information indicative of a periodicity at which the initiatortransmits training packets.
 56. The method of claim 53, wherein theresponder node is configured to beamform in M transmit directions andreceive directions, where M is a prime number.
 57. The method of claim53, wherein before the initiator node and the responder node aresynchronized, the responder node listens for a training packet in areceive window having a duration that is greater than a duration of awindow in which the initiator node transmits the training packets. 58.The method of claim 53, wherein before the responder node and theinitiator node are synchronized, training packets are sent twice in atime period that is less than a receive window of the responder node.